Experiment Results Essay Example for Free

Experiment Results Essay Predict Question 1: What effect will the saline injections have on the control rats vertebral bone density? Your answer : a. The saline injections will increase the rats vertebral bone density (indicated by a less-negative T score). Predict Question 2: What effect will the estrogen injections have on the estrogen-treated rats vertebral bone density? Your answer : a. The estrogen injections will increase the rats vertebral bone density (indicated by a less-negative T score). Predict Question 3: What effect will the calcitonin injections have on the calcitonin-treated rats vertebral bone density? Your answer : a. The calcitonin injections will increase the rats vertebral bone density (indicated by a less-negative T score). You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Saline injections were used in this experiment to measure the effect of You correctly answered: c. a placebo on bone density. 2. In the ovariectomized rats used in this experiment You correctly answered: d. osteoporosis was evident prior to the injections of estrogen. 3. Injection of calcitonin into an ovariectomized rat will You correctly answered: b. inhibit osteoclast activity and stimulate calcium uptake and deposition in long bones. 4. As the rats bone density increases You correctly answered: a. the X-ray scanning assay reports a less-negative T-score.

Communication As A Process Of Transmitting Information English Language Essay

Communication As A Process Of Transmitting Information English Language Essay Introduction What is communication? Communication is a process whereby meaning transmit information from one person to another. Communications are the important in the world for every human or animal. While many of people think communication only belong of human, in fact, animal will also know communication, they using like as body language. We have spent more than 70 percent to speak for working or communicate daily in our life. Todays, communicate are helping businessman to get success in their job, for example promotion of a product, customer services, and etc. A success company required a high quantity business communication. It is because communication can affect the customers confident and reliance. For example, have two salesmen are selling same of product, the first salesman has detail to promote his product and other one is simple to promote, when you asking them question, first salesman answer can make you satisfied, other one answer not fluent, even cant answer. According to the above situation, you will buy with which one salesman? In addition, good communication can help business to solve a lot of problem, let business just move upward. One will know other thinking and moods through communication language. It is hard to imagine a life where there is absolutely without communication. 1.3 Defined answer Communications divided to 2 types that are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal are easy to appear in our normal life, is one way for people communicate face to face. As a child grows, start to learn how to form these sounds into words. Some of key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language. The other type of communications is non-verbal. It is transferring information a lack of words, but no meaning lack of vocalization. Some of key components of non-verbal communication are body language facial cues, personal grooming, hand gestures and graphical signs. On the basic of a communication process, is including a sender, Encode, channel, decode, a receiver and feedback only can be communicate. The communication process begins with the sender and ends with the receiver, the communication process is made up of key components are encoding, medium of transmission, decoding and feedback. communication-process-mbaknol.gif Diagram 1 1.34 Sender Firstly, Sender is faced with involves the encoding process to initiates the communication process. In order to convey meaning, the sender must begin encoding, which means translating information into a message in the form of symbol that represent idea or concepts and then, send that message to another person or organization to achieve some objective. The symbol can take on numerous forms such as, languages, words, or gestures. The senders may be an editor, a reporter, a filmmaker, a teacher, a writer or anybody who take the initiative to start a dialogue. 1.35 Encoding Encoding is the formulation of messages in the sender mind, that is, the sender not only translates his purpose into a message and also decides on the medium to communicate his planned message. Senders need to choose the media are suitable for receiver can comprehend well. For example, an illiterate receiver will fail to understand a written, but can understand it well if told with the orally. Actually the purpose of communication is to influence the receiver and get favorable responses. a message can enhance or distort effective communication. 1.36 Channel of medium To begin transmitting the message, the sender need used some kind of channel to convey the message. The kinds of channel have face to face, email, phone, fax, text message, advertising, group presentation, etc. choosing the appropriate channel, is can affect receiver to receive the message. It is because Success and fail of communication depends on the selection of the right channel. If sender relays a message through wrong channel, the message may not reach to the right receivers. That why senders need to keep in mind to selecting the appropriate channel will effectiveness of the receivers understanding. 1.37 Decoding After selected the right channel, the message will enters the decoding stage of the communication process. Decoding is conduct by the receiver. The receiver begin to receive the symbol sent by sender, then the symbol message sent to the receivers brain for interpreting, in order to make the symbols be meaningful. A successful communication takes place, when the receiver can correctly to interpret the senders message. It is these processing stages that make up are called decoding. 1.38 Receiver After decoding the process stages, the message is reach receivers brain. The receiver is the destination of the message. He may be a listener or a reader or a viewer of the message. He is a decoder who having understood the spirit of the message responds to it or gives necessary feedback. Sender can send their experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skills, perceptions, and culture to receiver through a message. But, needed follow sender between receivers their receptivity to the message, and the relationship and trust that exist. 1.39 Feedback After the receiver process stage, arrive the feedback process stages. Feedback is receivers response of the message. Feedback is the final link in the communication process. Feedback tells the source how the receiver has interpreted each message. The message, which conveys lack of understanding, is known as negative message. Positive feedback, on the other hand indicates that the receiver has understood the sources message. The effective communication is always sensitive to feedback and constantly modifies his or her messages as a result of the feedback received. 1.4 Noise Noise is can damage or disruption the communication and make it ineffective at anytime. Environment is one of the major causes in the case, which can interfere with message reception. For example, noise from the roadside, like blaring loudspeaker, faulty transmission, etc, there are can making communication be disruption. Noise also can occur in other form. Such as poor handwriting, heavy accent or soft speech, communication in a poorly lit room, etc. For the smooth and effective communication, required have a nice timing, suitable place, right receiver and necessary to eliminate noise as far as possible. 1.5 How to know audience has received the right message There are several ways that, we can ensure our audience get the right message, such as clarity, Completeness, Correctness, Conciseness and confident. 1.51 Clarity Clarity of purpose is wanted to add much to the meaning of the message and making the message easier to understand. The first stage is clarity in the mind of the sender. The next stage is the easier transmission of the message in a manner which makes it simple for the receiver to understand. Clarity written message is avoid receiver misunderstanding of message and save the time. The now of world, everyone doing their work or anything also required fast, so that, they will take very little time to read and understand the message. Therefore, sender will require send a clarity message to receiver, avoid waste more the time. Actually, clarity is depends on the four factors. That is short and simple sentences, proper punctuation, giving definite and concrete details and logical sequence of ideas. 1.52 Completeness Completeness is meaning completeness to show out your meaning or your point, when you in talking or writing. Sender required sending all of point in the message to receiver, if just sending half of point meaning to receiver. Receiver will cannot to understand the message. 1.53 Conciseness Conciseness is meaning expressing a message in few words. It is means keeping to the point, using few words as possible without lack of clarity. Conciseness is achieved by eliminating all redundant words. Only relevant words and phrases are permitted in conciseness. It is because those redundant words can make confuse to receiver, on another way, long written can let receiver be weary of listen or watch, then cannot to get main meaning. As far as possible, only simple and brief statement should be made. 1.54 Correctness Correctness of purpose is correct use of grammar, message composition and appropriate words and adapting the right level of communication to suit the receivers level, determine the correctness of communication. At the time of encoding, the sender should ensure that his knowledge of the receiver is same level. It is because same level of knowledge only can be communicated. For an example, one of people use the broken English to talk with another people, but that people is use profession English. Thus, they cannot talk with each other. Over writings, wrong spellings, faulty grammar, poor sentence construction etc may distract the readers and lead to misunderstanding. Therefore, it is essential that the sender should be sure the correctness of the information before transmitting it to the receiver. 1.55 Confident When to talking, presentation, explaining something or promoting, people should be confident. It is because, as humans have faith, do what matter will also can success. When be confident, your voice should be loud enough and at a controlled pace, and your body language should be strong with a straight back, meaningful gestures. When you have researched and prepared well, you feel confident, and you can let that shine through. 2.0 Question 2 As the Product Manager of a soon-to-be-launched product*, explain the methods, the mediums and the vehicles that you would use to communicate with your target audience to persuade them to buy your product. Produce one (1) advertisement for your product. *student may decide on whatever product that they wish 2.1 Define question 2 The now advertisement is very important in the world. It is purchase or takes some action upon products, ideas, and services to its target audience. They required know their name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer. As in the following, consumer will buy these products and buying rate will increase. In fact, there are many ways to spread an advertisement message in the world. Such as online advertisement, print advertisement, electronic advertisement, and mobile advertisement. 2.11 Online medium Online advertisement is a simply a term relates to advertisement, it a form of promotion that via the internet for expressed purpose of marketing the message transmitting to the customers and attract them. In the online advertisement, the website web page is very important, that is could success on consumers being drawn to their products only in home page. It is because, every consumer will be watched in this home page, then decision whether he wants the information. The now, majority of the people spend their work and leisure time to sit in front of their computer on the internet. Thus, online advertisement also is the nice way to promote their product. In the online advertising have several different type of advertisement. Such as email advertising, web banners, pop-up advertisements and etc. 2.12 Print medium Advertisements are many forms to found in many places in the world. One of forms is known as print advertising, it forms is a traditional forms and very popular in the advertisement medium. It is because these categories of medium can reach such large audience, and the great numbers of specialized publications on the market enable businesses to focus on a target audience with a specific set of characteristics. Actually, print advertising have to divide into several type. Such as Newspaper, magazines, yellow pages, flyer and etc. there are all of print advertising type. 2.13 Electronic medium Electronic medium primary purpose is promoting to audience via electronic medium. Such as video recording, audio recording, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, TV advertising, etc. electronic medium also be a famous medium at the world. It is because the now multimedia are very useful, and very popular. Therefore, they using promoting their product via multimedia will have a lot people to watching. In addition, using multimedia have many color and important is have 3D images that is can to attracting many of audience. These are advertising can detail and lively to explain their product. 2.14 Mobile Medium According to human survey, people have 60 percent is in outside a daily. So that, use the mobile medium also is a best choice. It is because when people in outside will can using the vehicle or can see the vehicle. So that, at the time showing some advertising at the vehicle, people will go and see it. Mobile medium have to appear in some of place such as train the cases, bus the cases, etc. Another of mobile medium, is needed using in hand phone such as SMS, MMS, etc. These are use the message be advertising via hand phone. So that, this type of medium need from a people to send to each other. 2.2 Print medium to advertising Computer Pen Our companies are choosing the print medium to be our advertising. It is because print medium have many of benefit for our used and suit for use in todays world. Todays world, the pollution is more and more grave, we needed reduce any pollution are continues. So that, using print medium is the best choice, cause by print medium can recycle. We can use print medium such as newspapers to promote our company new launch product. Newspapers are inexpensive to promote the product, our only need to use a little money can do a very good advertising and it is wide a type of advertising, many of people are have to watch the newspaper. Another advantage of this medium is different rates and sizes, look at the various sizes of advertising in the newspaper. Newspapers normally have several standard sizes and all the sizes have their price in the newspaper. Actually, a newspaper is by a lot of news or advertisement being formed. So that, this also is a very popular of reason. In another of print m edium, such as magazines, flyer, etc. those are also very popular for young people, magazines have to attracting young people, it always is appear up to date new in the magazines, so that, young people very like. So that, our product if using this print medium to promoting is a best choice. Above of flyer is our company product, purpose of flyer is let audience can be understand what the product are produce in our company and attracting them to buying it. This flyer has to using WordArt to be the products name, let audience known what the name of product. In the top left and right corner have to use two picture to explain the function of production. Let audience can be clearing to know the function of product. The yellow color is to telling benefit of the product and it having to use Gungsuh font and 20 size fonts. It of purpose is let audience can be attention it. At the base, that is our company of name address and contact no, it is using red color to design the fonts. 3.0 Conclusion As a conclusion, business communication is an important and the best thing. In the business communication have teaching us how to communication with each other. In fact, communicate have a several of stage to process the communication. We need to clearing understand all of communication process. Therefore, afterwards we can use in society and our daily life. In my opinion, business communication is very useful in our life, this can when we are in the society, no need to scare about the communication and can process efficiency increased. Therefore, we must need to learn it, avoid afterwards have to appear any problem.

Donald McKay :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the 1840’s and 1850’s America experienced its golden age in shipping and sailing.1 At the front of this era was Donald McKay whose innovative ship designs lead to the numerous sea speed records, some of which stand today. For most of the early 19th century American ship building consisted of merchant and cargo ships. It took a long time for these ships to sail across seas. With the increased speed came decreased time to wait for pay. Another need for increased speed was the California gold rush of 1849. People wanted to make the trip as quickly as possible in order to stake their claims. Donald McKay’s clipper ships enabled people to do that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper investigates why Donald McKay is the father of American clipper ships. He was born in Shelburne, Nova Scotia, September 4, 1810.2 When Donald was sixteen years old he had the desire to learn the trade of ship building, so he went to New York. In 1826 New York was the worlds best shipbuilder and shipbuilding was America’s leading industry. McKay decided that in order to learn the trade he must obtain an apprenticeship. So he became an apprentice to Isaac Web who has appropriately been called the â€Å"Father of Shipbuilders†. This is because more successful master shipbuilders came out of Web’s shipyard than from any other place in America.3 At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he went on to work for Brown & Bell. In 1832 packet building was the best and most readily available work in New York. The majority of these ships were built at Isaac Web’s, Brown & Bell’s, and Smith & Dimon’s. At this time McKay was wh at would be called a free lance ship wright. McKay then married Albenia Martha Boole the eldest daughter of John Boole.4 At this time McKay then went to Newburyport and formed a partnership with William Currier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They formed the firm Currier & McKay and built the Courier. This was McKay’s first real production as designer and builder of a ship. The Courier was built for the coffee trade between New York and Rio de Janeiro and was sold to Andrew Foster & Son.5 Their firm soon dissolved and McKay then become connected with William Pickett and formed the firm of McKay & Pickett. Under this name they built the New York packet ship St. George. This was the first of the Red Cross Line.

The Future of Traditional Retailing :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

The Future of Traditional Retailing Retailing can be vaguely described as the business of selling goods or services to the final customer. This particular area of business is extremely important to the economy, totaling an estimated three trillion dollars in sales per year. Retailers are in constant battle among themselves to find new and innovative ways to meet the customers’ needs and wants in order to secure a share of the market. There are numerous channels through which retailing can be performed. The most prominent form is the brick-and-mortar operation. This category consists of the physical store locations where customers can go to browse through the selection of merchandise. These operations have been a staple in communities for years past and will most likely remain for years to come. However, their stronghold on the retail industry is being seriously threatened by the extraordinary growth of e-commerce. E-commerce is defined as the business of retailing conducted over the Internet. Although the retailing industry is a driving force behind the economy, its magnitude leaves little room for growth. The industry has reached its maturity, sales have not grown in great proportions, and expansion has slowed (Loeb, May 1998). In addition, the level of competition is at a high. Customers have more choices than ever on how to spend their dollar with the abundance of stores and catalogs (Maruca, Jul/Aug 1999). These conditions have lead retailers to search for a different channel by which to reach consumers. A relatively new development has been the introduction of Internet-based retailing. It is estimated that online sales have tripled between 1997 and 1998, reaching roughly nine billion dollars. With the growing number of households joining the Web each day, projections indicate no signs of slowing down anytime soon (Anonymous, Aug 1999). Interactive retailing can prove to be a real threat to existing businesses. A recent article by Bob Woods discussed a report from Jupiter Communications LLC which â€Å"claims that most of the growth will come at the expense of traditional retailing† (Aug 13, 1999, p. 11). The report goes on to state that a large part of Internet sales is not growth, but a shift in dollars from traditional retail channels. In order to regain lost sales, many brick-and-mortar outlets have ventured into the World Wide Web.

Business Model of Toyota :: essays research papers

Business Model of Toyota As one of the leading automobile manufacturers in the world, Toyota ranks within the top three worldwide. Due to their unique business model, they are now have a market share of 14% in the first four months of this year. That is an astonishing 2.3% jump from the previous year. According to Autodata.com, the Toyota City based automaker ranks fourth in United States sales. We have determined that their business model is an Integrated Low Cost – Differentiated Strategy. It involves finding the lowest operational cost along with a unique niche or strategy that separates them from the competition. Toyota’s new statement â€Å"Moving Forward†, reflects their plans and expectations for the future. This includes the known and the unknown factors that a business must face. In 2000, Toyota launched a new cost effective strategy called CCC21 (Construction of Cost Competitiveness for the 21st century), for Low Cost operational expenses. With this aspect Toyota plans to advance such initiatives globally, based on its policy of purchasing the world’s best parts at the lowest cost with the shortest lead times. According to Toyota, they have undertaken a manufacturing revolution that has fundamentally changed established practices; all the way back to the product development and design. They have done this by integrating four areas: design, production engineering, procurement, and component supply. They have achieved higher quality at lower costs by creating standardized, multipurpose components. Also the reduction in cost has heightened the value and fortifies the competitiveness of product. To do this, Toyota has required intensive coordination with its suppliers. Another factor of their Integrated Low Cost is that Toyota steadily feeds cost improvements back into the product to raise their value along with the fact that four Toyota’s seven corporate auditors are outside corporate auditors. Toyota’s Integrated Differentiated Strategy is very unique to the automotive industry. Its main focus, according to the president of Toyota, is that Toyota is not trying to rival other automakers; Toyota is trying to conquer customers with great products and service to obtain high customer satisfaction.

Eighty-Eight Years’

Eighty-eight years' refer to the period between Vermont's annulment of subjection in 1777 and endorsement of the thirteenth Amendment in 1865. In reality, the book extends over the whole history of Atlantic subjection. Starting with a concise examination of the extension of European domains in the 1500s and the formation of the Atlantic ranch complex in the mid-1600s, the book centers around the century extending from the Imperial Crisis and the American Revolution in the 1770s to Reconstruction in the 1870s. It likewise as often as possible pushes forward to the late cancellation of subjection in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and Cuba in the 1880s. In like manner, while the subtitle references the ‘long passing of servitude in the United States', the work centers around the northern and southern United States, yet goes broadly amongst London and Paris, Cartage and Copenhagen, Puerto Rico and Brazil, Cuba and Columbia. Regarding its ordered and geographic degree, Eighty-Eight Years' adversaries are few and recognized Rael, sorts out his contention around a progression of ideas that are presented and characterized in a protracted presentation that reimburses numerous readings. Obtaining from world-frameworks hypothesis, Rael depends vigorously on ideas of metro pole, center, and fringe. Following Philip Curtin, Rael classifies European states in the Americas as obvious realms, abuse provinces, and pilgrim colonies.(3) Finally, Rael recognizes three sorts of cancellation that won in the Americas. Progressive cancelations occurred in the northern United States, Haiti, and the republics of the previous Spanish-American Empire, emerging from autonomy developments, wars for freedom, and transformations. Metropolitan cancellations characterized annulment in the Caribbean (with the essential special case of Haiti), and included the metro pole forcing nullification on the fringe. At last, in the southern United States, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Brazil, late nullification took after from a mix of progressive developments and outer weight. The curiosity and estimation of Eighty-Eight Years lies less in these ideas but rather more in the recounting the story. As much as anything, Eighty-Eight Years gives a past filled with the since a long time ago, challenged battle for cancellation in the more extensive Americas. It centers around nullification's trap with pilgrim autonomy developments, Enlightenment and progressive belief systems, and the philosophies of property, subjection, and flexibility that rose out of the royal mercantilism and after that mechanical frameworks of private enterprise that overwhelmed the Atlantic World. It looks at demonstrate free blacks made Black Nationalist philosophies, and how unique monetary frameworks favored bondage or cancellation in various ways. It incorporates vital attacks into how cancellation happened in different spots – through autonomy, war, insurgency, philosophy, rough protection, and the relative significance of subjection in different realms. It additionally contains vital examinations of how a few slaveholders gave in rapidly and effortlessly to nullification developments, while othe rs hung on for any longer time frames. The book starts with a broad acquaintance that integrates and includes with an age of work on European extension, realm, and subjugation from its sources in the 1500s through its last cancelation in the late 1800s. It's a part that stands alone from whatever remains of the work, and it can be perused beneficially both when a peruser travels through the content's center sections. The presentation clarifies the connection between the rise of free enterprise, state bolster for vendor ventures, and estate bondage, while dissecting the different associations that fixing different settlements to rising European states. By 1775, European states had built up flourishing provinces in the Americas that utilized racialized slave work and a ranch framework to deliver money trims inside a particular arrangement of trans-Atlantic private enterprise. However inside 50 years, the British, Spanish, and French domains in the Americas had fundamentally changed, and slaveholders wherever ended up on edge. Inside an additional 60 years, property bondage would be annulled altogether from the Americas. It required a century to fabricate those realms, slave social orders, and a flourishing trans-Atlantic exchange slaves and slave-delivered wares. It would require one more century to destroy that framework. The rest of the book centers around that disassembling, and certain subjects and focuses are unmistakable in Rael's investigation. In 1775, bondage was universal, and acknowledged and expected by the vast majority in the Atlantic world, including slaves themselves. By 1825, servitude was generally observed as curious, ‘as an exception of humanized society, a maybe essential yet plainly merciless shrewdness, or an infringement of the regular request. What changed throughout that 50 years? The change from vendor, money edit private enterprise to modern free enterprise released a progression of autonomy developments and wars that started with the American Revolution. In Rael's telling, the American Revolution matters since it catalyzed once diffused illumination standards into intense and all inclusive progressive belief systems. The French Revolution and a progression of freedom developments spread these general and progressive philosophies broadly. Progressive belief systems and about constant arrangement of majestic wars and wars for freedom demonstrated instrumental in affecting liberations over the different social orders with slaves in the Americas. War, freedom, upset, and progressing financial changes additionally made a totally new ideological administration that put slaveholders wherever on edge. As Rael contends, transformation and cancelation, property and slaveholding, freedom and servitude, are altogether philosophies and ideas with chronicles. The primary segment of the book is dedicated to following how these ideas and philosophies rose out of the one of a kind arrangement of vendor private enterprise and subjugation that rose in the late 1600s, and the progressive emergency that struck this framework in starting in the 1770s. Expanding on Edmund Morgan's exemplary definition, Rael sets that thoughts of freedom developed out of the bedlam of commercial dominion, bondage, and private enterprise in the mid-1700s. To legitimize protection and afterward defiance to the King and Parliament, the pilgrims changed freedom from the ownership of freeborn Britons and the result of Britain's novel established government into an all inclusive right gave by common law. The royal emergency, freedom, war, and upheaval catalyzed once diffused Enlightenment standards into a strong progressive belief system. It additionally made a parallel development of bondage and flexibility, and prompted the universalization of freedom. As Rael noticed, ‘a similar Atlantic world that had made the merciless and profoundly free enterprise types of bondage that existed all through the vast majority of the New World additionally made the ideological preconditions for the entire cancelation of servitude. In any case, Rael is no determinist, and he rejects Whiggish and ‘disease of freedom' elucidations of servitude's downfall. As Rael additionally takes note of, ‘the powers that made New World subjection in the end made the likelihood of New World Slavery's end' (p. 47). Rael guides perusers through the possibilities that slaves, free blacks, and the backers of nullification went up against as they looked for cancelation in the numerous slave social orders and social orders with slaves in the Americas. Servitude's destruction in the United States would be quite a while in coming. Setting bondage and nullification in the United States in a more extensive Atlantic setting clarifies why. Rael's investigation of annulment in the more extensive Atlantic emphasizes a vital point that is oftentimes neglected in the academic writing on cancelation in the United States. Over the Americas, subjugation survived autonomy and transformation where it was most critical; where the grower class practiced a lot of political power; and where the grower class practiced political control over focuses of back and capital. Slaveholders capitulated to abolitionism where it was less essential; in domains where the grower class needed political power; and in places where the grower class needed favored connections to focuses of fund and private enterprise.

“Give me a stand point and I will move the earth” Archimedes Essay

Feminists are of the opinion that women in this world have been neglected by history and men through out the ages and liberating them would be synonymous with giving them a stand point to move the world. Klues looks to the pioneers of female research in antiquity whose glimpsing women history through a record from which the female sex has been excised for millennial by patriarchal bias, must have been like constructing a house out of the space between the slats of a fence. Further Klues considers that assiduous and objective scholarship produced an unassailable picture of the role of women in classical Athens, a picture now almost universally accepted, in which domination of male over female is there seen as complete and crushing. Only one wave of classical scholarship, obviously by anthropology, looks to male-female relationship as a significant determinant in Athenian society, as in any other: an ingredient of total culture no less fundamental than its economy or its religion or its political structure. More authors have argued that women did not have a place in history. However, Hasel making reference to Pauline Schmitt –Pantel makes a note worthy reminder of Greek philosophers works such as Aristotle and Plato that made relation to different sexes. A similar reference is made about the Greek cosmologies meaning that women have always had such a place. Hasel has therefore put forth a vivid conclusion. â€Å"The image of the Topos then might not hold much because it is based on seclusion of women in antiquity which may not be the case. † The portraits of Lipia as discussed in Bartman had an effect in creating a stronger imperial Rome. Though there are undertones of their use in propaganda and other political machinations and maneuvers, Bartman note that they were sculpted in the spirit of compromise which he refers as ‘give and take’ between the sculptor and the sponsor. Scott say that there was a moment not all that ago, when feminists thought gender to be an invincible barrier against biology. The sex/ gender distinction would analytically separate the physical body from the social body; it would then no longer be conceivable that anatomy was destiny. Though women might be viewed as ‘non- actors’ thus acting in the realms of those who built and wielded political power to which they were subject to had a private life which of course influences public life. In the words of Scott, those absent from official account none the less partook in the making of history; those who are silent speak eloquently about meaning of power. This reawakening Scott notes has brought about congruence in thought between political historians and writers penning ‘her story’. It has also brought about to the way changes occurred in law, politics and symbolic presentations. A further implication Scott explains is that there are social explanations rather than biological and characterological to the different behavior of men and women and their unequal positions. The feminists are thus challenged in this argument for neglecting female agency by diminishing the historical importance of personal life encapsulated in its three elements- family, sexuality and sociability. Thus irrespective of what feminists think women have always had the stand point and have moved the world as much. Reference Bartman ‘Portraits Of Livia Joan W. Scott, (1988) Gender and the Politics of History (New York 1988) 15-50. Joan W. Scott, `Millenial Fantasies`. The Future of Gender in the 21st Century`, in: Claudia Honegger – Caroline Arni (eds. ), Gender. Die Tucken einer Kategorie (Zurich 2001) 19-37 Wagner Hasel (1989)Women’s life in oriental seclusion? On history and and use of Topos. Pauline Schmitt –Pantel (1992) â€Å"Greek thought on the position of women resolved†. Pg 79.